gh-135748: Use Argument Clinic for more socket functions

Convert all convertible functions and methods of the socket module.
They now have signatures for introspection, and functions which take
several arguments use METH_FASTCALL instead of METH_VARARGS.

ioctl(), sendto() and setsockopt() are left as they are.  Their
behaviour depends on the number of the arguments or on the value of a
preceding argument, which Argument Clinic cannot express.

Author: serhiy-storchaka