CloudBridge Complete Architecture Guide

Version: 3.1 Updated: November 10, 2025 Status: Complete Reference with Implementation Details

Architecture Overview
Request Processing Pipeline
Component Interaction
Multi-Tenancy and Isolation
Network Architecture
Security Model

Architecture Overview

CloudBridge is an enterprise-grade P2P mesh networking platform built on 8 integrated components, spanning 7 OSI layers, with 5 distinct isolation layers for multi-tenancy. See Architecture Flow for detailed request processing flow and Project Overview for component descriptions.

Request Processing Pipeline

Client Request
  |
  v
Step 1: DNS Resolution (GeoDNS)
  ├─ Input: relay.cloudbridge.global query
  ├─ Process: Locate nearest PoP by geography
  ├─ Output: Anycast IP of nearest PoP
  ├─ Component: CloudBridge DNS Network
  │  └─ See: [DNS Network Architecture](../COMPONENTS/DNS_NETWORK_ARCHITECTURE.md)
  └─ Latency: < 1ms

  |
  v
Step 2: Credential Validation (Control Plane)
  ├─ Input: Client credentials
  ├─ Process: Validate via Zitadel OIDC
  ├─ Output: JWT token with tenant_id claim
  ├─ Component: CloudBridge Control Plane
  └─ Latency: < 100ms

  |
  v
Step 3: Threat Detection (DDoS Protection)
  ├─ Input: JWT token + incoming traffic
  ├─ Process: ML-based anomaly detection
  ├─ Output: Clean traffic approved or blocked
  ├─ Component: CloudBridge DDoS Protection
  ├─ Capacity: 800,000 RPS
  └─ Latency: < 100ms

  |
  v
Step 4: Data Transmission (Relay PoPs)
  ├─ Input: Clean traffic with valid JWT
  ├─ Process: QUIC + BBRv3 + tenant isolation
  ├─ Output: Data transmitted securely
  ├─ Component: CloudBridge Scalable Relay
  │  └─ See: [Protocol Stack](../CORE/PROTOCOL_STACK.md), [Network Layers OSI Model](../CORE/NETWORK_LAYERS_OSI_MODEL.md)
  ├─ Throughput: 100 Gbps per PoP
  └─ Latency: < 5ms (via 1 PoP)

  |
  v
Step 5: Metrics Collection (Monitoring)
  ├─ Input: Connection statistics
  ├─ Process: Collect 300+ metrics per PoP
  ├─ Output: Time-series data to Prometheus
  ├─ Component: CloudBridge Monitoring
  │  └─ See: [Data Sources](../REFERENCE/DATA_SOURCES.md), [Requirements Matrix](../REFERENCE/REQUIREMENTS_MATRIX.md)
  └─ Collection Interval: 15 seconds

  |
  v
Step 6: Traffic Analysis (AI Service)
  ├─ Input: Real-time metrics
  ├─ Process: ML-based optimization
  ├─ Output: Route hints, predictions
  ├─ Component: CloudBridge AI Service
  ├─ Framework: TensorFlow 2.12 + PyTorch 2.0
  └─ Latency: < 100ms inference

  |
  v
Step 7: Optimization Feedback (Control Plane)
  ├─ Input: AI recommendations
  ├─ Process: Update policies + routes
  ├─ Output: New configurations pushed
  ├─ Component: CloudBridge Control Plane
  └─ Latency: < 5 seconds

  |
  v
Step 8: Visibility (Dashboard)
  ├─ Input: All system data
  ├─ Process: Real-time visualization
  ├─ Output: Operations team sees status
  ├─ Component: CloudBridge Dashboard
  ├─ Update Interval: 5 seconds real-time
  └─ Latency: < 2 seconds page load

  |
  v
End-to-End Latency: 215ms from client request to full observability

Component Documentation Links

Step 1 - DNS Resolution:

DNS Network Architecture - DNS design, anycast, DNSSEC implementation

Step 2 - Credential Validation:

Tenant Isolation Architecture - JWT authentication and multi-tenancy
Requirements Matrix - Control Plane specifications

Step 3 - Threat Detection:

Requirements Matrix - DDoS Protection capabilities

Step 4 - Data Transmission:

Protocol Stack - Complete protocol layer specifications
Network Layers OSI Model - L1-L7 implementation details
Project Overview - Scalable Relay component

Step 5 - Metrics Collection:

Data Sources - Metric definitions and verification
Requirements Matrix - Monitoring specifications

Step 6 - Traffic Analysis:

Requirements Matrix - AI Service capabilities

Step 7-8 - Optimization & Visibility:

Requirements Matrix - Control Plane and Dashboard specifications

Component Interaction Chain

Full Request Flow with Isolation

CLIENT
  |
  +---> DNS Network (Step 1)
  |       └─ Query: relay.cloudbridge.global
  |       └─ Returns: PoP IP nearest to client
  |       └─ Isolation: Anycast distribution
  |
  +---> Control Plane (Step 2)
  |       ├─ Input: Client credentials
  |       ├─ Process: Zitadel OIDC validation
  |       ├─ Output: JWT with tenant_id claim
  |       └─ Isolation: Tenant extracted to context
  |
  +---> DDoS Protection (Step 3)
  |       ├─ Input: JWT token + traffic
  |       ├─ Process: Validate tenant context
  |       ├─ Process: Check for attacks
  |       ├─ Output: Clean traffic approved
  |       └─ Isolation: Tenant-specific rate limits applied
  |
  +---> Relay PoP (Step 4)
  |       ├─ Input: Clean traffic + valid JWT
  |       ├─ Process: QUIC connection + encryption
  |       ├─ Process: BBRv3 congestion control
  |       ├─ Output: Secure P2P connection
  |       └─ Isolation: Tenant VRF + subnet (10.x.0.0/24)
  |
  +---> Monitoring (Step 5)
  |       ├─ Input: Connection metrics
  |       ├─ Process: Aggregate statistics
  |       ├─ Output: Push to Prometheus
  |       └─ Isolation: Metrics labeled with tenant_id
  |
  +---> AI Service (Step 6)
  |       ├─ Input: Traffic patterns
  |       ├─ Process: ML analysis
  |       ├─ Output: Optimization recommendations
  |       └─ Isolation: Analysis per tenant only
  |
  +---> Control Plane (Step 7)
  |       ├─ Input: AI recommendations
  |       ├─ Process: Update policies
  |       ├─ Output: Deploy new configuration
  |       └─ Isolation: Policies applied per tenant
  |
  +---> Dashboard (Step 8)
  |       ├─ Input: System status
  |       ├─ Process: Real-time visualization
  |       ├─ Output: Visibility to operations
  |       └─ Isolation: RBAC per tenant access
  |
  v
DATA DELIVERED SECURELY AND ISOLATED

Multi-Tenancy Architecture

See Tenant Isolation Architecture for complete multi-tenancy deep dive.

Five Isolation Layers

Layer 1: Network Isolation

Tenants are isolated at the network layer via Kubernetes NetworkPolicies and Calico.

Kubernetes NetworkPolicy:

Default-deny all ingress and egress
Allow ingress only from same-tenant pods
Allow egress only to Control Plane
DNS globally accessible (exception)

Calico Virtual Routing and Forwarding (VRF):

Each tenant gets unique VRF ID (1001, 1002, etc.)
Each VRF has isolated routing table
Packets cannot cross VRF boundaries
Per-tenant subnet assigned from 10.0.0.0/8

Inheritance Model:

NetworkPolicy inherited by all pods in tenant namespace
VRF inherited by all routes in tenant context
Default-deny inherited, explicit whitelist required

Layer 2: Application-Level Isolation

Tenants are isolated via Zitadel OIDC and JWT tokens.

JWT Token Structure:

{
  "tenant_id": "tenant-a",
  "sub": "peer-a1",
  "exp": 1699107600,
  "aud": ["cloudbridge"],
  "permissions": {...}
}

Validation at Every Step:

Client sends JWT with request
Relay validates JWT signature
Relay extracts tenant_id from claims
All operations filtered by tenant_id
Request rejected if tenant mismatch

Inheritance Model:

Tenant context inherited from JWT to all services
Permissions inherited from JWT claims
Service-to-service mTLS carries tenant context
All API calls must include valid tenant context

Layer 3: Resource Isolation

Tenants are isolated via Kubernetes ResourceQuotas and rate limiting.

Kubernetes ResourceQuota per Tenant:

CPU: 100m per tenant
Memory: 256Mi per tenant
Max pods: 50 per tenant
Violations prevent pod creation

Rate Limiting per Tenant:

Max RPS: Configurable (10k for Tenant A, 5k for Tenant B)
Burst capacity: 1.5x baseline
Token bucket algorithm
Circuit breaker for failures

Inheritance Model:

Quota inherited by all pods in namespace
Rate limits inherited by all services
Burst capacity cascaded to child services
Cleanup rules inherited by retention policies

Layer 4: Data Isolation

Tenants are isolated at the data layer via IPAM and database filtering.

IPAM (IP Address Management):

Deterministic subnet allocation: SHA256(tenantID + salt)
Per-tenant subnet: /24 (252 usable IPs)
Example:
- Tenant A: 10.1.0.0/24
- Tenant B: 10.2.0.0/24
- Tenant C: 10.3.0.0/24

Per-Peer IP Allocation:

SERIALIZABLE transactions prevent race conditions
Each peer allocated IP from tenant subnet
IP reused on reconnection if available
Freed after 24-hour grace period

Database Row-Level Security:

All queries filtered by tenant_id
Database RLS policies prevent cross-tenant reads
SERIALIZABLE isolation prevents concurrency issues

Inheritance Model:

Subnet inherited by all peers of tenant
IP allocation inherits tenant restrictions
Permissions inherited from tenant config
Cleanup rules inherited by data items

Layer 5: Operational Isolation

Tenants are isolated via audit logging and metrics.

Audit Logging (90-day retention):

All events logged with tenant_id
Cross-tenant access attempts logged
Violations trigger immediate alerts
Immutable audit trail

Metrics Isolation:

All metrics labeled with tenant_id
Grafana dashboards RBAC enforced
Per-tenant metric cardinality limits
Separate alert groups per tenant

Inheritance Model:

Audit log filters inherited
Metrics labels cascaded to all series
Retention policies inherited
Cleanup triggers inherited from tenant config

Isolation Attributes and Inheritance

Network Layer Attributes

Attribute	Value	Inheritance	Enforcement
VRF ID	Per-tenant (1001+)	Cascaded to routes	Kernel-level routing
Subnet	Per-tenant (/24)	Cascaded to peers	Calico policies
Default-Deny	All pods	Inherited by pods	iptables rules
DNS Exception	Globally allowed	Inherited by all	Port 53 whitelist

Authentication Layer Attributes

Attribute	Value	Inheritance	Enforcement
JWT Token	Per-peer with tenant claim	Cascaded to services	HMAC signature
Token TTL	1 hour default	Inherited by renewals	Token expiry check
Tenant Claim	Extracted from JWT	Cascaded to all operations	Per-request validation
Permissions	JWT claims object	Inherited by services	Permission checks

Resource Layer Attributes

Attribute	Value	Inheritance	Enforcement
CPU Quota	100m per tenant	Inherited by pods	Kubernetes enforcer
Memory Quota	256Mi per tenant	Inherited by pods	Kubernetes enforcer
RPS Limit	Per-tenant config	Cascaded to services	Token bucket
Burst	1.5x baseline	Inherited by all	Queue backpressure

Data Layer Attributes

Attribute	Value	Inheritance	Enforcement
Subnet	Deterministic (SHA256)	Inherited by peers	IPAM allocation
IP Allocation	Per-peer, tenant-isolated	Inherited by services	Database constraint
IP Reuse	On reconnection	Inherited by protocol	Allocation logic
Retention	Per-tenant policy	Inherited by cleanup	Scheduled job

Operational Layer Attributes

Attribute	Value	Inheritance	Enforcement
Audit Level	Per-tenant config	Inherited by all events	Filter at write
Retention	90 days (tiered)	Applied to all logs	Rotation schedule
Metrics Labels	tenant_id + dimensions	Cascaded to all series	Label validation
Cardinality	100k per tenant	Enforced by scraper	Rate limiting

Network Layers (OSI L1-L7)

See Network Layers OSI Model and Protocol Stack for detailed protocol specifications.

L1: Physical Layer

VPC infrastructure in 3 PoPs (Moscow, Frankfurt, Amsterdam)
Fiber optic backbone connectivity
Link aggregation for redundancy

L2: Data Link Layer

Ethernet switching
VLAN tagging for tenant segmentation
VXLAN overlay networks

L3: Network Layer

BGP routing (AS64512) with anycast distribution
XDP/eBPF programmable forwarding
Calico CNI with tenant-aware policies

L4: Transport Layer

QUIC protocol (RFC 9000) with 0-RTT
BBRv3 congestion control (50% jitter reduction)
Connection multiplexing

L5: Session Layer

MASQUE tunneling (RFC 9297)
WireGuard VPN tunnels
Seamless connection migration

L6: Presentation Layer

TLS 1.3 encryption (1-RTT)
Mutual TLS (mTLS) for service-to-service
JWT token validation

L7: Application Layer

gRPC services
REST APIs
Zitadel OIDC authentication
Web Dashboard UI

Security Architecture

Defense in Depth

Network Layer
- Default-deny policies
- VRF isolation
- BGP authentication
- DDoS at edge
Transport Layer
- TLS 1.3 encryption
- QUIC built-in security
- Perfect Forward Secrecy
Application Layer
- Zitadel OIDC
- JWT token validation
- RBAC + ABAC
- Rate limiting
Data Layer
- Row-level security
- SERIALIZABLE transactions
- Encrypted connections
- Audit logging
Operational Layer
- 90-day audit trail
- Anomaly detection
- Violation alerts
- Incident response

Performance Characteristics

Latency Budget (Per Request)

DNS resolution: < 1ms
Credential validation: < 100ms
DDoS check: < 100ms
Data transmission (via 1 PoP): < 5ms
Metrics collection: 15 seconds (async)
AI analysis: < 100ms (async)
Dashboard update: 5 seconds (real-time)

Total End-to-End: 215ms

Throughput

Per PoP: 100 Gbps
Per tenant (Tenant A): 10k RPS with 15k burst
Per tenant (Tenant B): 5k RPS with 7.5k burst
Global capacity: 300 Gbps

Reliability

P2P success rate: 94%
Failover time: < 500ms
Availability SLO: 99.99%
Data loss: None (persistent acknowledgment)

Deployment Topology

Three Global PoPs

Each PoP contains:

DNS servers (2 instances, anycast)
Relay instances (8 containers)
DDoS filters (2 containers, XDP/eBPF)
Credential cache (2 instances per tenant)

PoP Locations:

Moscow (RU-MOW): Eastern Europe
Frankfurt (EU-FRA): Central Europe
Amsterdam (EU-AMS): Western Europe

Central Services

Control Plane (3-node cluster): Zitadel OIDC, Cadence orchestration
Monitoring (Prometheus + Grafana): 300+ metrics
AI Service (TensorFlow): 2.3M LOC
Dashboard (Next.js): 1.5M LOC
Database (PostgreSQL): Central state store
Cache (Redis): Session storage

Technology Stack Summary

Layer	Component	Technology	LOC
Transport	Scalable Relay	QUIC + BBRv3	116,598
Discovery	DNS Network	GeoDNS	84,063
Auth	Control Plane	Zitadel OIDC	8,272
Protection	DDoS	ML + XDP/eBPF	2,160,672
Intelligence	AI Service	TensorFlow + PyTorch	2,314,799
Observability	Monitoring	Prometheus + Grafana	8,097
Management	Dashboard	Next.js + React	1,491,639
Total	All Components	Mixed	4,263,341

Compliance and Standards

Isolation Ensures

GDPR: Data isolation, encryption, audit logs
HIPAA: Data segmentation, access control
PCI-DSS: Network isolation, monitoring
SOC 2: Security, availability, integrity

Network Standards

QUIC: RFC 9000
MASQUE: RFC 9297
TLS: RFC 8446 (1.3)
BGP: RFC 4271
Calico: Linux kernel VRF
Kubernetes: 1.28+

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CloudBridge Complete Architecture Guide

Table of Contents

Architecture Overview

Request Processing Pipeline

Component Documentation Links

Component Interaction Chain

Full Request Flow with Isolation

Multi-Tenancy Architecture

Five Isolation Layers

Layer 1: Network Isolation

Layer 2: Application-Level Isolation

Layer 3: Resource Isolation

Layer 4: Data Isolation

Layer 5: Operational Isolation

Isolation Attributes and Inheritance

Network Layer Attributes

Authentication Layer Attributes

Resource Layer Attributes

Data Layer Attributes

Operational Layer Attributes

Network Layers (OSI L1-L7)

L1: Physical Layer

L2: Data Link Layer

L3: Network Layer

L4: Transport Layer

L5: Session Layer

L6: Presentation Layer

L7: Application Layer

Security Architecture

Defense in Depth

Performance Characteristics

Latency Budget (Per Request)

Throughput

Reliability

Deployment Topology

Three Global PoPs

Central Services

Technology Stack Summary

Compliance and Standards

Isolation Ensures

Network Standards

Related Documentation