Align public version metadata with the build

[Widthdom]

CLOSES #220

Summary

• make --version, logs, and reports use the public three-part SemVer while keeping build/commit metadata in --doctor
• align C# 12 badges, source clone commands, and English/Japanese user, package, developer, and testing documentation
• refresh committed report samples and add regression coverage for nonzero patch versions and public metadata consistency

Verification

• dotnet build FolderDiffIL4DotNet.sln --configuration Release --no-restore
• dotnet test FolderDiffIL4DotNet.sln --configuration Release --no-build (2,040 passed, 1 known environment-dependent skip)
• dotnet format FolderDiffIL4DotNet.sln --verify-no-changes --no-restore --verbosity minimal
• npm run test:js (184 passed)
• dotnet run --project FolderDiffIL4DotNet.csproj --configuration Release --no-build -- --version
• dotnet run --project FolderDiffIL4DotNet.csproj --configuration Release --no-build -- --doctor --skip-il