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Add terrain correction in spherical coordinates to the User Guide - #700

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Add terrain correction in spherical coordinates to the User Guide#700
manduinca wants to merge 1 commit into
fatiando:mainfrom
manduinca:docs/spherical-terrain-correction

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Closes #353

Adds a section to the topographic correction guide showing how to forward model the topographic masses with a tesseroid layer in geocentric spherical coordinates, mirroring the existing Cartesian workflow: build the layer from the topography grid using radii, express the observation points consistently with the layer (geodetic latitude + geocentric_radius(latitude) + height), and compute the topography-free gravity disturbance.

One design question I'd like your input on: since the observations sit on the terrain, some fall slightly below the top of their tesseroid, and tesseroid_gravity requires computation points outside the tesseroids. I clamp their radii against the maximum top within a 3x3 neighborhood (robust for stations right on cell boundaries), which lifts ~2600 of the 3877 stations (most by a few meters, worst case ~670 m in rugged cells). Checking against the Cartesian result, stations that don't get lifted differ by ~4 mGal rms (method difference), while heavily lifted ones can differ much more. Happy to switch to clamping against each station's own cell top (minimal lift) or another approach if you prefer.

I couldn't build the docs locally (missing GMT binary for PyGMT), but the code of the new section runs end-to-end (~30 s for the tesseroid forward).

Add a section to the topographic correction guide showing how to forward
model the topographic masses with a tesseroid layer in geocentric
spherical coordinates: build the layer from the topography grid using
radii, express the observation points consistently with the layer, clamp
their radii so every computation point falls outside the tesseroids, and
compute the topography-free gravity disturbance.
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Include a terrain correction in spherical coordinates in the User Guide

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