Fix TraceStateBuilder.remove corrupting the builder when the same key is removed twice

[thswlsqls]

Fixes #8612

Description

• ArrayBasedTraceStateBuilder.remove() decremented numEntries without checking whether the value was already null, so removing a key twice drove the counter below the real count.
• build() trusts numEntries in three places, so the drift leaks a {a=null} entry, silently drops live entries, or throws ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException.
• Mirrors the sibling put() (same class, line 74-78), which already does this check; first removal is unchanged.
• No in-repo caller, but TraceStateBuilder is stable public API for external instrumentation and vendor propagators. The silent data loss contradicts the no-op contract of the remove(String) Javadoc ("if it is present") and of removeNotPresent(), and is reachable via reuseBuilder().
• Same defect shape as Fix PooledHashMap dropping live entries when an entry is removed during forEach #8499 (PooledHashMap dropping live entries).

Testing done

• Added TraceStateTest#removeTwice, #removeTwice_KeepsRemainingEntry, #removeTwice_KeepsRemainingEntries for one, two, and three entries. All three fail without the fix; 41 pass with it.
• ./gradlew :api:all:check — passed, 504 tests.
• No signature change (package-private class): apidiff unchanged.
• CHANGELOG.md ## Unreleased → ### API entry added.

[codecov]

Codecov Report

✅ All modified and coverable lines are covered by tests.
✅ Project coverage is 91.64%. Comparing base (09d6c17) to head (d24559d).

Additional details and impacted files

@@             Coverage Diff              @@
##               main    #8613      +/-   ##
============================================
- Coverage     91.64%   91.64%   -0.01%     
  Complexity    10348    10348              
============================================
  Files          1013     1013              
  Lines         27380    27381       +1     
  Branches       3218     3219       +1     
============================================
  Hits          25092    25092              
  Misses         1558     1558              
- Partials        730      731       +1     

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Pull request dashboard status

Status last refreshed: 2026-07-21 20:50:25 UTC.

• Status: Merged.

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