thcrap_update: Use enum class, using rather than typedef, fix throw

[mikomikotaishi]

This PR aims to address the following:

• Some C++ (non-C) code uses unscoped enums (enum) rather than enum class, which is more consistently used in thcrap_update; we could switch to these for type safety.
• There is not really much reason to use typedefs over using aliases in C++, and using statements are much cleaner.
• At one point, a throw new invalid_argument() was used, which is not only an unnecessary heap allocation but even a source of memory leaks.
• Catching exceptions by const reference is safer as it avoids unnecessary copies and avoids object slicing risks entirely.
• Where possible, static_cast<T>(x) is safer than using a C-style cast ((T)x).