Add associated outputs to RowFn kernels

[connortsui20]

Progress towards #9128

Adds an infallible RowKernel interface with associated output storage, including VecOutput and packed Boolean output. Existing owned, deferred, and DenseWithRetry execution paths remain available. The framework validates output length, logical type, and validity at the function boundary.

The base layer also retains the exact typed views validated for dense traversal and supports the associated output for valid-only execution.

Verification

• 26 RowFn tests
• cargo clippy -p vortex-array --all-targets --all-features -- -D warnings
• cargo +nightly fmt --all -- --check

[codspeed-hq]

Merging this PR will regress 2 benchmarks

⚠️ Unknown Walltime execution environment detected

Using the Walltime instrument on standard Hosted Runners will lead to inconsistent data.

For the most accurate results, we recommend using CodSpeed Macro Runners: bare-metal machines fine-tuned for performance measurement consistency.

⚠️ Different runtime environments detected

Some benchmarks with significant performance changes were compared across different runtime environments,
which may affect the accuracy of the results.

Open the report in CodSpeed to investigate

⚡ 9 improved benchmarks
❌ 2 regressed benchmarks
✅ 1970 untouched benchmarks
⏩ 54 skipped benchmarks¹

Warning

Please fix the performance issues or acknowledge them on CodSpeed.

Performance Changes

	Mode	Benchmark	BASE	HEAD	Efficiency
❌	Simulation	chunked_varbin_opt_to_varbinview_builder[(10, 100)]	558.2 µs	666.6 µs	-16.26%
❌	Simulation	cold_misaligned[(16, 64)]	378.6 µs	429.6 µs	-11.88%
⚡	Simulation	subtract_shapes[(128, PerRowConstant)]	90.5 µs	75.2 µs	+20.38%
⚡	Simulation	multiply_shapes[(128, PerRowConstant)]	91.7 µs	76.6 µs	+19.82%
⚡	Simulation	add_shapes[(128, PerRowNullableConstant)]	103.9 µs	87 µs	+19.44%
⚡	Simulation	add_shapes[(128, PerRowConstant)]	90.7 µs	76 µs	+19.22%
⚡	Simulation	multiply_shapes[(128, ConstantPerRow)]	91.9 µs	77.5 µs	+18.6%
⚡	Simulation	multiply_shapes[(128, PerRowNullableConstant)]	105.2 µs	89.1 µs	+18.17%
⚡	Simulation	subtract_shapes[(128, ConstantPerRow)]	90.1 µs	76.4 µs	+18.04%
⚡	Simulation	add_shapes[(128, ConstantPerRow)]	89.8 µs	76.1 µs	+18.02%
⚡	Simulation	subtract_shapes[(128, PerRowNullableConstant)]	102.9 µs	88.2 µs	+16.74%

Tip

Investigate this regression by commenting @codspeedbot fix this regression on this PR, or directly use the CodSpeed MCP with your agent.

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_{Comparing ct/row-fn-associated-output (4aa169c) with develop (332ae0b)}

Footnotes

1. 54 benchmarks were skipped, so the baseline results were used instead. If they were deleted from the codebase, click here and archive them to remove them from the performance reports. ↩